Use of electrolytes for reinforcing the barrier function of the skin

ABSTRACT

Use of electrolytes for producing cosmetic or dermatological preparations for the treatment and prevention of dry skin, and the use of electrolytes for producing cosmetic and dermatological preparations for the treatment and prevention of dry skin and for enhancing the barrier function of the skin.

[0001] The present invention relates to the use of electrolytes for producing cosmetic or dermatological preparations for the treatment and prevention of dry skin, and to the use of electrolytes for producing cosmetic and dermatological preparations for the treatment and prevention of dry skin and for enhancing the barrier function of the skin.

[0002] The skin is the largest human organ. Amongst its many functions (for example for temperature regulation and as a sensory organ), the barrier function, the one which prevents the skin (and thus ultimately the entire organism) from drying out, is probably the most important At the same time, the skin acts as a protective device against the penetration and absorption of external substances. This barrier function is effected by the epidermis which, as the outermost layer, forms the actual protective sheath against the environment Being about one tenth of the total thickness; it is also the thinnest layer of the skin.

[0003] The epidermis is a stratified tissue in which the outer layer, the horny layer (Stratum comeum), is the part which is of significance for the barrier function. Being in contact with the environment, it is worn away and therefore finds itself in a continuous process of renewal, where, on the outside, fine flakes are continuously shed and, on the inside, keratinized cell and lipid material is subsequently produced.

[0004] The Elias skin model, which is currently recognized in the specialist field (P. M. Elias, Structure and Function of the Stratum Comeum Permeability Barrier, Drug Dev. Res. 13, 1988, 97-105), describes the horny layer as a two-component system, similar to a brick wall (bricks and mortar model). In this model, the horny cells (comeocytes) correspond to the bricks, and the lipid membrane, which is of complex composition, in the intercellular spaces corresponds to the mortar. This system essentially represents a physical barrier to hydrophilic substances, but, because of its narrow and multilayered structure, can equally, however, also be passed by lipophilic substances only with difficulty. The particular structure of the horny layer on the one hand protects the skin and on the other hand stabilizes its own flexibility by binding a defined amount of water.

[0005] Mechanical stresses, such as, for example, compressive forces, impact or shear forces, can also be intercepted to a surprising degree by the horny layer alone or in conjunction with the deeper layers of the skin. Relatively large compressive forces, torsional forces or shear forces are transmitted to deeper layers of the skin via the meshing of the epidermis with the corium.

[0006] The regulation of the water and moisture content is one of the most important functions of the epidermal lipid membrane. However, it not only has a barrier effect against external chemical and physical influences, but also contributes to the cohesion of the horny layer.

[0007] The lipids of the horny layer essentially consist of ceramides, free fatty acids, cholesterol and cholesterol sulfate and are distributed over the entire horny layer. The composition of these lipids is of decisive importance for the intact function of the epidermal barrier and thus for the water impermeability of the skin.

[0008] Even cleansing the skin using a simple waterbath—without the addition of surfactants—initially causes the horny layer of the skin to swell. The degree of this swelling depends, inter alia, on the bathing time and temperature. At the same time, water-soluble substances are washed off or out, such as e.g. water-soluble constituents of dirt, but also substances endogenous to the skin which are responsible for the water-binding capacity of the horny layer. In addition, as a result of surface-active substances which are endogenous to the skin, fats in the skin are also dissolved and washed out to a certain degree. After initial swelling, this causes a subsequent drying-out of the skin, which may be further considerably intensified by washing-active additives.

[0009] In healthy skin, these processes are generally of no consequence since the protective mechanisms of the skin are able to readily compensate for such slight disturbances to the upper layers of the skin. However, even in the case of nonpathological deviations from the norm, e.g. as a result of wear damage or irritations caused by the environment, photodamage, aging skin etc., the protective mechanism on the surface of the skin is impaired.

[0010] In aged skin, for example, regenerative renewal takes place at a slower rate, where, in particular, the water-binding capacity of the horny layer decreases. The skin thus becomes inflexible, dry and chapped (“physiologically” dry skin). Barrier damage is the result. The skin becomes susceptible to negative environmental effects, such as the invasion of microorganisms, toxins and allergens. As a consequence, toxic or allergic skin reactions may even result.

[0011] In the case of pathologically dry and sensitive skin, barrier damage is present a priori. Epidermal intercellular lipids become defective or are formed in an inadequate amount or composition. The consequence is increased permeability of the horny layer and inadequate protection of the skin against loss of hygroscopic substances and water.

[0012] The barrier effect of the skin can be quantified via the determination of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL). This is the evaporation of water from inside the body without taking into account the loss of water during perspiration. Determination of the TEWL value has proven to be extraordinarily informative and can be used to diagnose chapped or cracked skin, for determining the compatibility of surfactants which have very different chemical structures, and more besides.

[0013] For the beauty and well-cared-for appearance of the skin, the proportion of water in the uppermost layer of the skin is of greatest significance. It can be favorably influenced within a limited scope by introducing moisture regulators.

[0014] Anionic surfactants, which are generally constituents of cleansing preparations, can lastingly increase the pH in the horny layer, which severely hinders regenerative processes which serve to restore and renew the barrier function of the skin. In this case, a new, frequently very unfavorable state of equilibrium is established in the horny layer between regeneration and the loss of essential substances as a result of regular extraction; this state has a decisive adverse effect on the outer appearance of the skin and the physiological mode of function of the horny layer.

[0015] For the purposes of the present invention, skin care is understood primarily as meaning that the natural function of the skin as a barrier against environmental influences (e.g. dirt, chemicals, microorganisms) and against the loss of substances endogenous to the body (e.g. water, lipids, electrolytes) is strengthened or restored.

[0016] Products for the care, treatment and cleansing of dry and stressed skin are known per se. However, their contribution to the regeneration of a physiologically intact, hydrated and smooth horny layer is limited with regard to extent and time.

[0017] The effect of ointments and creams on the barrier function and the hydration of the horny layer is based essentially on the coverage (occlusion) of the areas of skin treated. The ointment or cream represents, as it were, a (second) artificial barrier which is intended to prevent loss of water by the skin. It is equally easy to remove this physical barrier, for example using cleansers, again, as a result of which the original, impaired state is again achieved. Moreover, the skin care effect can decrease upon regular treatment. After use of the product is stopped, the skin reverts very quickly to the state prior to the start of treatment. In the case of certain products, the condition of the skin is even temporarily worsened in some circumstances. A permanent product effect is therefore generally not achieved or is achieved only to a limited extent.

[0018] The effect of some pharmaceutical preparations on the barrier function of the skin consists even in selective damage to the barrier, which is intended to make it possible for active ingredients to be able to penetrate into or through the skin into the body. Here, a disturbed appearance of the skin as a side effect is accepted to some extent as a small price to pay.

[0019] The effect of caring cleansing products consists essentially in an efficient refatting with sebum lipid-like substances. The simultaneous reduction in the surfactant content of such preparations permits a further limitation of the damage to the horny layer barrier.

[0020] However, the prior art lacks preparations which have a positive effect on the barrier function and hydration of the horny layer and enhance or even restore the physicochemical properties of the horny layer and, in particular, of the lamellae comprising intercellular lipids.

[0021] In order to aid skin in its natural regeneration and to strengthen its physiological function, intercellular lipid mixtures, such as ceramides or ceramide analogs, have recently increasingly been added to topical preparations which are to be used by the skin to rebuild the natural barrier. However, these lipids, are mostly very expensive raw materials. In addition, their effect is in most cases very much lower than that hoped for.

[0022] The object of the present invention was therefore to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art. In particular, the aim was to provide skincare compositions which retain or restore the barrier properties of the skin, especially when the natural regeneration of the skin is inadequate. They should also be suitable for the treatment and prophylaxis of subsequent damage of the skin drying out, for example cracks or inflammatory or allergic processes, or also of neurodermatitis. The object of the present invention was also to provide stable skincare cosmetic and/or dermatological compositions which protect the skin against environmental influences such as sun and wind. In particular, the effect of the preparations should be physiological, rapid and long-lasting.

[0023] These objects are achieved, in a manner which is surprising and could not have been foreseen by the person skilled in the art, through the use of electrolytes for producing cosmetic or dermatological preparations for the treatment and prevention of dry skin, and the use of electrolytes for producing cosmetic and dermatological preparations for the treatment and prevention of dry skin and for enhancing the barrier function of the skin.

[0024] Advantageously, the present invention is realized through the use of inorganic salts (in particular NaCl, NaBr, NaI, Na₂B₄O₇, Na₂SiO₃, Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, Na₃PO₄, Na₂HPO₄, NaH₂PO₄, KCl, KI, LiCl, NH₄Cl, ZnCl₂, Al₂SO₃ and MgSO₄), and of salts of acids which naturally occur in the skin (e.g. of energy metabolism, such as sodium liponate, sodium citrate, ammonium lactate, sodium lactate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate) or weak carboxylic acids (e.g. sodium propionate) for the treatment and prevention of dry skin. Surprisingly, said active system stimulates the metabolism in the skin of lipids and proteins which have to be continuously reformed to maintain the epidermal barrier to water. According to the invention, the dry skin is treated and/or cared for by the barrier-enhancing effect of these preparations, while actively preventing normal skin from drying out.

[0025] Cosmetic or dermatological preparations according to the invention preferably comprise 0.05-30% by weight, particularly preferably 1-5% by weight, of one or more electrolytes, preferably sodium chloride, based on the total composition of the preparations.

[0026] Glycerol is advantageously—although not necessarily—present in cosmetic or dermatological preparations according to the invention preferably in an amount of from 0.05% by weight to 30% by weight, preferably in an amount of from 0.1% by weight to 20% by weight, particularly preferably in an amount of 1-15% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations.

[0027] DE 43 04 066 describes the use of electrolytes in aqueous cosmetic cleansing compositions or for the aqueous cleansing of certain low-water or water-free cleansing composition concentrates, where the electrolyte or the electrolytes are present in concentrations higher than 6% by weight, based on the total weight of the cleansing compositions or of the concentrates, for the control and prophylaxis of dermatoses, in particular dandruff, and also for preventing the surface-active substances present in the cleansing compositions and/or other substances present in these cleansing compositions from penetrating into the external layers of the skin. Nevertheless, the prior art was unable to point the way in the direction of the present invention.

[0028] In every respect the preparations according to the invention are extremely satifactory preparations. It had been unforeseen for the person skilled in the art that the preparations according to the invention

[0029] better retain or restore the barrier properties of the skin,

[0030] better counteract drying-out of the skin,

[0031] better counteract skin aging and

[0032] better protect the skin against environmental influences

[0033] than the preparations of the prior art.

[0034] The cosmetic or dermatological preparations according to the invention can have the customary composition and be used for the treatment, care and cleansing of the skin and/or hair and as a make-up product in decorative cosmetics. Accordingly, depending on their formulation, they may be used, for example, as skin protection cream, cleansing milk, sunscreen lotion, nutrient cream, day or night cream etc. It is optionally possible and advantageous to use the preparations according to the invention as a basis for pharmaceutical formulations.

[0035] The active ingredient combinations used according to the invention are particularly preferably used in pH-buffered preparations, where a pH of 5-7, in particular about 5-6, is very particularly preferred.

[0036] Also favorable are those cosmetic and dermatological preparations which are in the form of a sunscreen. In addition to one or more active ingredients according to the invention, these preferably comprise at least one UV-A filter substance and/or at least one UV-B filter substance and/or at least one inorganic pigment.

[0037] It is, however, also advantageous for the purposes of the present invention to provide cosmetic and dermatological preparations whose main purpose is not protection against sunlight, but which nevertheless comprise a content of UV protection substances. Thus, UV-A and UV-B filter substances are commonly incorporated into day creams, for example.

[0038] The cosmetic and dermatological preparations according to the invention may comprise cosmetic auxiliaries as are customarily used in such preparations, e.g. preservatives, bactericides, perfumes, antifoams, dyes, pigments which have a coloring action, thickeners, surface-active substances, emulsifiers, emollients, moisturizers and/or humectants, fats, oils, waxes and other customary constituents of a cosmetic or dermatological formulation, such as alcohols, polyols, polymers, foam stabilizers, organic solvents or silicone derivatives.

[0039] Depending on the type of product in each case, the amounts of cosmetic, dermatological or medicinal carrier substances and perfume to be used in each case can be readily determined by the person skilled in the art by simple exploratory experiments.

[0040] Preparations for the treatment and care of the skin are particularly preferred.

[0041] For use, the cosmetic and dermatological preparations according to the invention are applied to the skin and/or the hair in a sufficient amount in the manner customary for cosmetics.

[0042] Cosmetic and dermatological preparations according to the invention may exist in a variety of forms. Thus, for example, they may be a solution, an anhydrous preparation, o an emulsion or microemulsion of the water-in-oil (W/O) type or of the oil-in-water (O/W) type, a multiple emulsion, for example of the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) type, a gel, a solid stick, an ointment or also an aerosol. It is also advantageous to administer the active ingredients according to the invention in encapsulated form, e.g. in collagen matrices and other customary encapsulation materials, e.g. as cellulose encapsulations, in gelatin, wax matrices or liposomally encapsulated.

[0043] It is also possible and advantageous for the purposes of the present invention to incorporate the active ingredients according to the invention into aqueous systems or surfactant preparations for cleansing the skin and the hair.

[0044] In particular, the cosmetic and dermatological preparations according to the invention may also comprise antioxidants. According to the invention, favorable antioxidants which may be used are all the antioxidants which are suitable or customary for cosmetic and/or dermatological uses.

[0045] The antioxidants are advantageously chosen from-the group consisting of amino acids (for example glycine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan) and derivatives thereof, imidazoles (for example urocanic acid) and derivatives thereof, peptides such as D,L-carnosine, D-carnosine, L-carnosine and derivatives thereof (for example anserine), carotenoids, carotenes (for example α-carotene, β-carotene, ψ-lycopene) and derivatives thereof, chlorogenic acid and derivatives thereof, lipoic acid and derivatives thereof (for example dihydrolipoic acid), aurothioglucose, propylthiouracil and other thiols (for example thioredoxin, glutathione, cysteine, cystine, cystamine and the glycosyl, N-acetyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, amyl, butyl and lauryl, palmitoyl, oleyl, γ-linoleyl, cholesteryl and glyceryl esters thereof) and salts thereof, dilauryl thiodipropionate, distearyl thiodipropionate, thiodipropionic acid and derivatives thereof (esters, ethers, peptides, lipids, nucleotides, nucleosides and salts) and sulfoximine compounds (for example buthionine sulfoximines, homocysteine sulfoximine, buthionine sulfones, penta-, hexa- and hepta-thionine sulfoximine) in very low tolerated doses (for example pmol to μmol/kg), and furthermore (metal) chelating agents (for example α-hydroxy-fatty acids, palmitic acid, phytic acid, lactoferrin), α-hydroxy acids (for example citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid), humic acid, bile acid, bile extracts, bilirubin, biliverdin, EDTA, EGTA and derivatives thereof, unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives thereof (for example γ-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid), folic acid and derivatives thereof, ubiquinone and ubiquinol and derivatives thereof, vitamin C and derivatives (for example ascorbyl palmitate, Mg ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbyl acetate), tocopherols and derivatives (for example vitamin E acetate), vitamin A and derivatives (vitamin A palmitate) and coniferyl benzoate of benzoin resin, rutic acid and derivatives thereof, α-glycosylrutin, ferulic acid, furfurylideneglucitol, carnosine, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, nordihydroguaiacic acid, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, trihydroxybutyrophenone, uric acid and derivatives thereof, mannose and derivatives thereof, zinc and derivatives thereof (for example ZnO, ZnSO₄), selenium and derivatives thereof (for example selenomethionine), stilbenes and derivatives thereof (for example stilbene oxide, trans-stilbene oxide) and the derivatives of these active ingredients mentioned which are suitable according to the invention (salts, esters, ethers, sugars, nucleotides, nucleosides, peptides and lipids).

[0046] The amount of the abovementioned antioxidants (one or more compounds) in the preparations according to the invention is preferably from 0.001 to 30% by weight, particularly preferably 0.05-20% by weight, in particular 1-10% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparation.

[0047] If vitamin E and/or derivatives thereof is or are the antioxidant or antioxidants, it is advantageous to choose the respective concentrations thereof from the range 0.001-10% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation.

[0048] If vitamin A or vitamin A derivatives or carotenes or derivatives thereof is or are the antioxidant or antioxidants, it is advantageous to choose the respective concentrations thereof from the range 0.001-10% by weight, based on the total weight of the formulation.

[0049] Emulsions according to the invention are advantageous and comprise, for example, said fats, oils, waxes and other fatty substances, and also water and an emulsifier, as is customarily used for this type of formulation.

[0050] The lipid phase can advantageously be chosen from the following group of substances:

[0051] mineral oils, mineral waxes;

[0052] oils, such as triglycerides of capric or of caprylic acid, also natural oils such as, for example, castor oil;

[0053] fats, waxes and other natural and synthetic fatty substances, preferably esters of fatty acids with alcohols of low carbon number, for example with isopropanol, propylene glycol or glycerol, or esters of fatty alcohols with alkanoic acids of low carbon number or with fatty acids;

[0054] alkyl benzoates;

[0055] silicone oils, such as dimethylpolysiloxanes, diethylpolysiloxanes, diphenylpolysiloxanes and mixed forms thereof.

[0056] For the purposes of the present invention, the oil phase of the emulsions, oleogels and hydrodispersions or lipodispersions is advantageously chosen from the group of esters of saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched alkanecarboxylic acids having a chain length of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms and saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched alcohols having a chain length of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms, from the group of esters of aromatic carboxylic acids and saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched alcohols having a chain length of from 3 to 30 carbon atoms. Such ester oils can then be advantageously chosen from the group consisting of isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, isopropyl oleate, n-butyl stearate, n-hexyl laurate, n-decyl oleate, isooctyl stearate, isononyl stearate, isononyl isononanoate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate, 2-ethylhexyl laurate, 2-hexyldecyl stearate, 2-octyldodecyl palmitate, oleyl oleate, oleyl erucate, erucyl oleate, erucyl erucate and synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural mixtures of such esters, e.g. jojoba oil.

[0057] The oil phase can also advantageously be chosen from the group of branched and unbranched hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon waxes, silicone oils, dialkyl ethers, from the group of saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched alcohols, and also fatty acid triglycerides, namely the triglycerol esters of saturated and/or unsaturated, branched and/or unbranched alkanecarboxylic acids having a chain length of from 8 to 24, in particular 12-18, carbon atoms. The fatty acid triglycerides can advantageously be chosen, for example, from the group of synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural oils, e.g. olive oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, groundnut oil, rapeseed oil, almond oil, palm oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil and the like.

[0058] For the purposes of the present invention, any mixtures of such oil and wax components can also advantageously be used. When required, it may also be advantageous to use waxes, for example cetyl palmitate, as the sole lipid component of the oil phase.

[0059] The oil phase is advantageously chosen from the group consisting of 2-ethylhexyl isostearate, octyldodecanol, isotridecyl isononanoate, isoeicosane, 2-ethylhexyl cocoate, C₁₂₋₁₅-alkyl benzoate, caprylic/capric triglyceride and dicaprylyl ether.

[0060] Mixtures of C₁₂₋₁₅-alkyl benzoate and 2-ethylhexyl isostearate, mixtures of C₁₂₋₁₅-alkyl benzoate and isotridecyl isononanoate and mixtures of C₁₂₋₁₅-alkyl benzoate, 2-ethylhexyl isostearate and isotridecyl isononanoate are particularly advantageous.

[0061] For the purposes of the present invention, of the hydrocarbons, paraffin oil, squalane and squalene can advantageously be used.

[0062] The oil phase can advantageously also contain cyclic or linear silicone oils or can consist entirely of such oils, although it is preferable to use an additional content of other oil phase components in addition to the silicone oil or silicone oils.

[0063] Cyclomethicone(octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane) is advantageously used as the silicone oil to be used according to the invention. However, other silicone oils can also be advantageously used for the purposes of the present invention, for example hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane, poly(methylphenylsiloxane).

[0064] Mixtures of cyclomethicone and isotridecyl isononanoate and mixtures of cyclomethicone and 2-ethylhexyl isostearate are particularly advantageous.

[0065] Advantageous emulsifiers are, for example, glyceryl stearate in a mixture with ceteareth-20; sorbitan stearate; sorbitan oleate; ceteareth-25; ceteareth-6 in a mixture with stearyl alcohol; cetylstearyl alcohol in a mixture with PEG-40 castor oil-and sodium cetylstearyl sulfate; triceteareth-4 phosphate; glyceryl stearate; sodium cetylstearyl sulfate; lecithin; trilaureth-4 phosphate; laureth-4 phosphate; stearic acid; propylene glycol stearate SE; PEG-25 hydrogenated castor oil; PEG-54 hydrogenated castor oil; PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides; sorbitan stearate; glyceryl oleate in a mixture with propylene glycol; PEG-9 stearate; glyceryl lanolate; ceteth-2; ceteth-20; polysorbate 60; lanolin; glyceryl stearate in a mixture with PEG-100 stearate; glyceryl myristate; microcrystalline wax (Cera microcristallina) in a mixture with paraffin oil (Paraffinum liquidum), ozokerite, hydrogenated castor oil, glyceryl isostearate and polyglyceryl-3 oleate; glyceryl laurate, PEG40 sorbitan peroleate; laureth4; ceteareth-3; wool wax acid mixtures; isostearyl glyceryl ether; cetylstearyl alcohol in a mixture with sodium cetylstearyl sulfate; wool wax alcohol mixtures; laureth-23; steareth-2; glyceryl stearate in a mixture with PEG-30 stearate; PEG-40 stearate; glycol. distearate; PEG-22 dodecyl glycol copolymer; polyglyceryl-2 PEG-4 stearate; pentaerythrithyl isostearate; polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate; ceteareth-20; sorbitan oleate in a mixture with hydrogenated castor oil, beeswax (Cera alba) and stearic acid; sodium dihydroxycetylphosphate in a mixture with isopropyl hydroxycetyl ether; methylglucose sesquistearate; steareth-10; PEG-20 stearate; steareth-2 in a mixture with PEG-8 distearate; steareth-21; steareth-20; isosteareth-20; methylglucose dioleate; PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil; sorbitan oleate in a mixture with PEG-2 hydrogenated castor oil, ozokerite and hydrogenated castor oil; sorbitan isostearate in a mixture with PEG-2 hydrogenated castor oil, ozokerite and hydrogenated castor oil; PEG45/dodecyl glycol copolymer; methoxy-PEG-22/dodecyl glycol copolymer; hydrogenated coconut fatty acid glycerides; polyglyceryl-4 isostearate; PEG-40 sorbitan peroleate; PEG-40 sorbitan perisostearate; PEG-20 glyceryl stearate; PEG-20-glyceryl stearate; PEG-8 beeswax; laurylmethicone copolyol; cetyidimethicone copolyol; polyglyceryl-2 laurate; isostearyl diglyceryl succinate; stearamidopropyl PG dimonium chloride phosphate; PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil; glyceryl stearate, ceteth-20; triethyl citrate; PEG-20 methylglucose sesquistearate; ceteareth-12; paraffin oil (Paraffinum liquidum); glyceryl stearate citrate; cetyl phosphate; sorbitan sesquioleate; acrylate/C₁₀₋₃₀alkyl acrylate crosspolymer; sorbitan isostearate; methylglucose sesquistearate; triceteareth-4 phosphate; trilaureth-4 phosphate; polyglyceryl methylglucose distearate; poloxamer 101; potassium cetyl phosphate; isosteareth-10; polyglyceryl-2 sesquiisostearate; ceteth-10; polyglyceryl-2 dipolyhydroxystearate; oleth-20; isoceteth-20; glyceryl isostearate; polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate; glyceryl stearate in a mixture with ceteareth-20, ceteareth-12, cetylstearyl alcohol and cetyl palmitate; cetylstearyl alcohol in a mixture with PEG-20 stearate; glyceryl stearate; PEG-30 stearate.

[0066] If appropriate, the aqueous phase of the preparations according to the invention advantageously comprises alcohols, diols or polyols of low carbon number and ethers thereof, preferably ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monoethyl or monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl, monoethyl or monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether and analogous products, also alcohols of low carbon number, for example ethanol, isopropanol, 1,2-propanediol and glycerol, and, in particular, one or more thickeners, which can advantageously be chosen from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, aluminum silicates, polysaccharides and derivatives thereof, for example hyaluronic acid, xanthan gum and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, particularly advantageously from the group consisting of polyacrylates, preferably a polyacrylate from the group consisting of Carbopols, for example Carbopols of types 980, 981, 1382, 2984 and 5984, in each case individually or in combination.

[0067] In particular, mixtures of the abovementioned solvents are used. In the case of alcoholic solvents, water may be a further constituent.

[0068] Emulsions according to the invention are advantageous and comprise, for example, said fats, oils, waxes and other fatty substances, and also water and an emulsifier, as is customarily used for this type of formulation.

[0069] Gels according to the invention customarily comprise alcohols of low carbon number, for example ethanol, isopropanol, 1,2-propanediol, glycerol, and water and/or an abovementioned oil in the presence of a thickener which, in the case of oily-alcoholic gels, is preferably silicon dioxide or an aluminum silicate, and in the case of aqueous-alcoholic or alcoholic gels, is preferably a polyacrylate.

[0070] Suitable propellants for preparations according to the invention which can be sprayed from aerosol containers are the customarily known, readily volatile, liquefied propellants, for example hydrocarbons (propane, butane, isobutane), which may be used alone or in mixtures with one another. Compressed air can also be used advantageously.

[0071] Preparations according to the invention can advantageously also comprise substances which absorb UV radiation in the UVB region, the total amount of filter substances being, for example, 0.1% by weight to 30% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight, in particular 1.0 to 6.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations, in order to provide cosmetic preparations which protect the hair or skin from the entire range of ultraviolet radiation. They can also be used as sunscreen compositions for hair or skin.

[0072] If the preparations according to the invention comprise UVB filter substances, these may be oil-soluble or water-soluble. Inventively advantageous oil-soluble UVB filters are, for example:

[0073] 3-benzylidenecamphor derivatives, preferably 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor and 3-benzylidenecamphor;

[0074] 4-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, preferably 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)-benzoate and amyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate;

[0075] esters of cinnamic acid, preferably 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate and isopentyl 4-methoxycinnamate;

[0076] esters of salicylic acid, preferably 2-ethylhexyl salicylate, 4-isopropylbenzyl salicylate and homomenthyl salicylate,

[0077] derivatives of benzophenone, preferably 2-hydroxy4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4′-methylbenzophenone and 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzo-phenone;

[0078] esters of benzalmalonic acid, preferably di(2-ethylhexyl) 4-methoxybenzal-malonate and

[0079] 2,4,6-trianilino(p-carbo-2′-ethyl-1′-hexyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine.

[0080] Advantageous water-soluble UVB filters are, for example:

[0081] salts of 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, such as its sodium, potassium or its triethanolammonium salt, and the sulfonic acid itself;

[0082] sulfonic acid derivatives of benzophenones, preferably 2-hydroxy4-methoxy-benzophenone-5-sulfonic acid and its salts;

[0083] sulfonic acid derivatives of 3-benzylidenecamphor, such as, for example, 4-(2-oxo-3-bornylidenemethyl)benzenesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-5-(2-oxo-3-bornylidenemethyl)sulfonic acid and their salts, and also 1,4-di(2-oxo-10-sulfo-3-bornylidenemethyl)benzene and its salts (the corresponding 10-sulfato compounds, for example the corresponding sodium, potassium or triethanolammonium salt) also referred to as benzene-1,4-di(2-oxo-3-bornylidenemethyl)-10-sulfonic acid.

[0084] The list of said UVB filters which can be used in combination with the active ingredient combinations according to the invention is not of course intended to be limiting. The invention also provides for the use of a combination of the active ingredient combinations used according to the invention with at least one UVB filter as an antioxidant and for the use of a combination of the active ingredient combinations used according to the invention with at least one UVB filter as an antioxidant in a cosmetic or dermatological preparation.

[0085] It may also be advantageous to combine the active ingredient combinations used according to the invention with UVA filters which have to date customarily been present in cosmetic preparations. These substances are preferably derivatives of dibenzoyl-methane, in particular 1-(4′-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-dione and 1-phenyl-3-(4′-isopropylphenyl)propane-1,3-dione. These combinations and preparations comprising these combinations are also provided by the invention. The amounts which may be used are as for the UVB combination.

[0086] The invention also provides for the use of a combination of active ingredient combinations used in accordance with the invention with at least one UVA filter as antioxidant, and the use of a combination of the active ingredient combinations according to the invention with at least one UVA filter as antioxidant in a cosmetic or dermatological preparation.

[0087] The invention also provides for the use of a combination of active ingredient combinations used in accordance with the invention with at least one UVA filter and at least one UVB filter as antioxidant, and the use of a combination of active ingredient combinations with at least one UVA filter and at least one UVB filter as antioxidant in a cosmetic or dermatological preparation.

[0088] Cosmetic and dermatological preparations having an effective content of active ingredient combinations used according to the invention can also comprise inorganic pigments which are normally used in cosmetics for protecting the skin against UV rays. These are oxides of titanium, zinc, zirconium, silicon, manganese, cerium and mixtures thereof, and modifications in which the oxides are the active agents. Particular preference is given to pigments based on titanium dioxide.

[0089] The cosmetic and dermatological [lacuna] comprise active ingredients and auxiliaries, as are customarily used for this type of preparation for hair care and hair treatment. Auxiliaries which can be used are preservatives, surface-active substances, antifoams, thickeners, emulsifiers, fats, oils, waxes, organic solvents, bactericides, perfumes, dyes or pigments whose task is to color the hair or the cosmetic or dermatological preparation itself.

[0090] The anions according to the invention are preferably chosen from the group of chlorides, sulfates and hydrogensulfates, phosphates, hydrogenphosphates and linear and cyclic oligophosphates, and carbonates and hydrogencarbonates.

[0091] Cosmetic preparations which are in the form of a skin-cleansing composition or shampoo preferably comprise at least one anionic, nonionic or amphoteric surface-active substance, or else mixtures of such substances, the active ingredient combinations used according to the invention in an aqueous medium and auxiliaries as are customarily used for this purpose. The surface-active substance or the mixtures of these substances may be present in the shampoo in a concentration between 1% by weight and 50% by weight.

[0092] If the cosmetic or dermatological preparations are in the form of a lotion which is rinsed out and applied, for example, before or after bleaching, before or after shampooing, between two shampooing steps, before or after a permanent wave treatment, then they are, for example, aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic solutions which optionally comprise surface-active substances, the concentration of which can be between 0.1 and 10% by weight, preferably between 0.2 and 5% by weight.

[0093] These cosmetic or dermatological preparations can also be aerosols with auxiliaries customarily used for this purpose.

[0094] A cosmetic preparation in the form of a lotion which is not rinsed out, in particular a lotion for arranging the hair, a lotion which is used during blow-drying of the hair, a styling and treatment lotion, is generally an aqueous, alcoholic or aqueous-alcoholic, solution and comprises at least one cationic, anionic, nonionic or amphoteric polymer or else mixtures thereof, and also active ingredient combinations used according to the invention in effective concentration. The amount of polymers used is, for example, between 0.1 and 10% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 3% by weight.

[0095] Cosmetic preparations for the treatment and care of the hair which contain the active ingredient combinations used according to the invention can be in the form of emulsions which are of the nonionic or anionic type. Nonionic emulsions contain, in addition to water, oils or fatty alcohols which may, for example, also be polyethoxylated or polypropoxylated, or else mixtures of the two organic components. These emulsions optionally comprise cationic surface-active substances.

[0096] According to the invention, cosmetic preparations for the treatment and care of hair may be in the form of gels which, as well as comprising an effective content of active ingredients according to the invention and optionally solvents customarily used for this purpose, preferably water, also comprise organic thickeners, e.g. gum arabic, xanthan gum, sodium alginate, cellulose derivatives, preferably methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or inorganic thickeners, e.g. aluminum silicates, such as, for example, bentonites, or a mixture of polyethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol stearate or distearate. The thickener is present in the gel, for example, in an a mount between 0.1 and 30% by weight, preferably between 0.5 and 15% by weight. Preferably, the amount of active ingredients according to the invention in a composition intended for hair is 0.05% by weight to 10% by weight, in particular 0.5% by weight to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0097] Aqueous cosmetic cleansing compositions according to the invention or low-water or anhydrous cleansing composition. concentrates intended for aqueous cleansing can comprise anionic, nonionic and/or amphoteric surfactants.

[0098] Surfactants are amphiphilic substances which can dissolve organic nonpolar substances in water. As a result of their specific molecular structure having at least one hydrophilic molecular moiety and one hydrophobic molecular moiety, they are able to reduce the surface tension of the water, wet the skin, facilitate the removal and dissolution of soiling, facilitate rinsing and, if desired, control foaming.

[0099] The hydrophilic moieties of a surfactant molecule are mostly polar functional groups, for example —COO⁻, —OSO₃ ²⁻, —SO₃ ⁻, while the hydrophobic moieties are usually nonpolar hydrocarbon radicals. Surfactants are generally classified according to the type and charge of the hydrophilic molecular moiety. In this connection, it is possible to differentiate between four groups:

[0100] anionic surfactants,

[0101] cationic surfactants,

[0102] amphoteric surfactants and

[0103] nonionic surfactants.

[0104] Anionic surfactants usually have, as functional groups, carboxylate, sulfate or sulfonate groups. In aqueous solution, they form negatively charged organic ions in an acidic or neutral medium. Cationic surfactants are characterized almost exclusively by the presence of a quaternary ammonium group. In aqueous solution, they form positively charged organic ions in an acidic or neutral medium. Amphoteric surfactants contain both anionic and cationic groups and accordingly in aqueous solution exhibit the behavior of anionic or cationic surfactants depending on the pH. In a strongly acidic medium, they have a positive charge, and in an alkaline medium-a negative charge. By contrast, in the neutral pH range, they are zwitterionic, as the example below serves to illustrate: RNH₂ ⁺CH₂CH₂COOH X⁻ (at pH = 2) X⁻ = any anion, e.g. Cl⁻ RNH₂ ⁺CH₂CH₂COO⁻ (at pH = 7) RNHCH₂CH₂COO⁻ B⁺ (at pH = 12) B⁺ = any cation, e.g. Na⁺

[0105] Polyether chains are typical of nonionic surfactants. Nonionic surfactants do not form ions in an aqueous medium.

[0106] A. Anionic Surfactants

[0107] Anionic surfactants which can be used advantageously are acylamino acids (and salts thereof, such as

[0108] 1. acyl glutamates, for example sodium acyl glutamate, di-TEA-palmitoyl a spartate and sodium caprylic/capric glutamate,

[0109] 2. acylpeptides, for example palmitoyl-hydrolyzed milk protein, sodium cocoyl-hydrolyzed soya protein and sodium/potassium cocoyl-hydrolyzed collagen,

[0110] 3. sarcosinates, for example myristoyl sarcosinate, TEA-lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate and sodium cocoyl sarcosine,

[0111] 4. taurates, for example sodium lauroyl taurate and sodium methylcocoyl taurate,

[0112] 5. acyl lactylates, lauroyl lactylate, caproyl lactylate

[0113] 6. alaninates

[0114] carboxylic acids and derivatives, such as

[0115] 1. carboxylic acids, for example lauric acid, aluminum stearate, magnesium alkanolate and zinc undecylenate,

[0116] 2. ester carboxylic acids, for example calcium stearoyl lactylate, laureth-6 citrate and sodium PEG-4 lauramide carboxylate,

[0117] 3. ether carboxylic acids, for example sodium laureth-13 carboxylate and sodium PEG-6 cocamide carboxylate,

[0118] phosphoric esters and salts, such as, for example, DEA-oleth-10 phosphate and dilaureth-4 phosphate, sulfonic acids and salts, such as

[0119] 1. acyl isethionates, e.g. sodium/ammoniumcocoyl isethionate,

[0120] 2. alkylarylsulfonates,

[0121] 3. alkylsulfonates, for example sodium cocomonoglyceride sulfate, sodium C₁₂₋₁₄-olefin sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate and magnesium PEG-3 cocamide sulfate,

[0122] 4. sulfosuccinates, for example dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, disodium laureth sulfo-succinate, disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate and disodium undecyleneamido-MEA sulfosuccinate

[0123] and sulfuric esters, such as

[0124] 1. alkyl ether sulfate, for example sodium, ammonium, magnesium, MIPA, TIPA laureth sulfate, sodium myreth sulfate and sodium C₁₂-₁₃ pareth sulfate,

[0125] 2. alkyl sulfates, for example sodium, ammonium and TEA lauryl sulfate.

[0126] B. Cationic Surfactants

[0127] Cationic surfactants which can be used advantageously are

[0128] 1. alkylamines,

[0129] 2. alkylimidazoles,

[0130] 3. ethoxylated amines and

[0131] 4. quaternary surfactants,

[0132] 5. ester quats

[0133] Quaternary surfactants contain at least one N atom which is covalently bonded to 4 alkyl and/or aryl groups. Irrespective of the pH, this leads to a positive charge. Alkylbetaine, alkylamidopropylbetaine and alkylamidopropylhydroxysulfaine are advantageous quarternary surfactants. The cationic surfactants used according to the invention can also preferably be chosen from the group of quaternary ammonium compounds, in particular benzyltrialkylammonium chlorides or bromides, such as, for example, benzyldimethylstearylammonium chloride, and also alkyltrialkylammonium salts, for example cetyltrimethylammonium chloride or bromide, alkyldimethylhydroxyethylammonium chlorides or bromides, dialkyldimethylammonium chlorides or bromides, alkylamidoethyltrimethylammonium ether sulfates, alkylpyridinium salts, for example lauryl- or cetylpyrimidinium chloride, imidazoline derivatives and compounds having cationic character, such as amine oxides, for example alkyldimethylamine oxides or alkylaminoethyldimethylamine oxides. In particular the use of cetyltrimethylammonium salts is advantageous.

[0134] C. Amphoteric Surfactants

[0135] Amphoteric surfactants which can be used advantageously are

[0136] 1. acyl/dialkylethylenediamine, for example sodium acyl amphoacetate, disodium acyl amphodipropionate, disodium alkyl amphodiacetate, sodium acyl amphohydroxy-propylsulfonate, disodium acyl amphodiacetate and sodium acyl amphopropionate,

[0137] 2. N-alkylamino acids, for example aminopropylalkylglutamide, alkylaminopropionic acid, sodium alkylimidodipropionate and lauroamphocarboxyglycinate.

[0138] D. Nonionic Surfactants

[0139] Nonionic surfactants which can be used advantageously are

[0140] 1. alcohols,

[0141] 2. alkanolamides, such as cocamides MEA/DEA/MIPA,

[0142] 3. amine oxides, such as cocoamidopropylamine oxide,

[0143] 4. esters which are formed by esterification of carboxylic acids with ethylene oxide, glycerol, sorbitan or other alcohols,

[0144] 5. ethers, for example ethoxylated/propoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated/propoxylated esters, ethoxylated/propoxylated glycerol esters, ethoxylated/propoxylated cholesterols, ethoxylated/propoxylated triglyceride esters, ethoxylated/propoxylated lanolin, ethoxylated/propoxylated polysiloxanes, propoxylated POE ethers and alkyl polyglycosides, such as lauryl glucoside, decyl glycoside and cocoglycoside.

[0145] 6. sucrose esters, sucrose ethers

[0146] 7. polyglycerol esters, diglycerol esters, monoglycerol esters

[0147] 8. methylglucose esters, esters of hydroxy acids

[0148] Also advantageous is the use of a combination of anionic and/or amphoteric surfactants with one or more nonionic surfactants.

[0149] Cosmetic preparations which are in the form of cosmetic cleansing preparations for the skin may be in liquid or solid form. As well as comprising active ingredient combinations used in accordance with the invention, they preferably comprise at least one anionic, nonionic or amphoteric surface-active substance or mixtures thereof, and auxiliaries as are customarily used for this purpose. The surface-active substance can be present in the cleansing preparations in a concentration between 1 and 94% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations.

[0150] Cosmetic preparations which are in the form of a shampoo comprise, in addition to an effective content of active ingredient combinations, preferably at least one anionic, nonionic or amphoteric surface-active substance or mixtures thereof, and auxiliaries as are customarily used therefor. The surface-active substance can be present in the shampoo in a concentration between 1% by weight and 94% by weight.

[0151] Apart from the abovementioned surfactants, the compositions according to the invention comprise water and optionally the additives customary in cosmetics, for example perfume, thickeners, dyes, deodorants, antimicrobial substances, refatting agents, complexing agents and sequestering agents, peariescent agents, plant extracts, vitamins, active ingredients and the like.

[0152] It is preferred according to the invention to add those active ingredient combinations comprising complexing agents to the active ingredient combinations Used according to the invention or cosmetic or dermatological preparations.

[0153] Complexing a gents a re auxiliaries of cosmetology and/or medicinal galenics which are known per se. The complexing of troublesome metals such as Mn, Fe, Cu and others can prevent, for example, undesired chemical reactions in cosmetic or dermatological preparations.

[0154] Complexing agents, in particular chelating agents, form complexes with metal atoms. In the presence of one or more polybasic complexing agents, i.e. chelating agents, these complexes are metallacycles. Chelates are compounds in which a single ligand occupies more than one coordination site on a central atom. In this case, normally extended compounds are thus closed as a result of complex formation via a metal atom or ion to give rings. The number of bonded ligands depends on the coordination number of the central metal. A prerequisite for the formation of a chelate is that the compound reacting with the metal contains two or more atomic groupings which act as electron donors.

[0155] The complexing agent(s) can advantageously be chosen from the group of customary compounds, at least one substance preferably being chosen from the group consisting of tartaric acid and anions thereof, citric acid and anions thereof, aminopolycarboxylic acids and anions thereof (such as, for example, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and anions thereof, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and anions thereof, hydroxyethylenediaminotriacetic acid (HOEDTA) and anions thereof, diethyleneaminopentaacetic acid (DPTA) and anions thereof, trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid (CDTA) and anions thereof).

[0156] The complexing agent or the complexing agents are, according to the invention, advantageously present in cosmetic or dermatological preparations preferably in an amount of from 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, preferably in an amount of from 0.05% by weight to 5% by weight, particularly preferably in an amount of 0.1-2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the preparations.

[0157] The present invention likewise also covers a method of protecting cosmetic or dermatological preparations against oxidation or photooxidation where these preparations are, for example, preparations for the treatment and care of the hair, in particular hair colorants, hair lacquers, shampoos, color shampoos, and also make-up products, such as, for example, nail varnishes, lipsticks, foundations, washing and shower preparations, creams for the treatment or care of the skin or all other cosmetic preparations whose constituents may be associated with stability problems because of oxidation or photooxidation during storage, which comprises the cosmetic preparations having an effective content of active ingredient combinations used according to the invention.

[0158] The amount of active ingredient combinations used according to the invention in these preparations is preferably 0.01-30% by weight, preferably 0.05-20% by weight, in particular 0.1-10.0% by-weight, based on the total weight of the preparations.

[0159] The invention also provides the process for the preparation of the cosmetic compositions according to the invention, which comprises incorporating active ingredient combinations according to the invention into cosmetic and dermatological formulations in a manner known per se.

[0160] The examples below serve to illustrate the present invention without limiting it. Unless stated otherwise, all amounts, proportions and percentages are based on the weight and the total amount or on the total weight of the preparations.

EXAMPLE 1

[0161] O/W cream % by wt. Glyceryl stearate 3.00 Cetyl alcohol 3.00 PEG-40 stearate 3.50 Paraffinum liquidum 5.00 C₁₂₋₁₅ Alkyl benzoates 0.50 Cyclomethicone 5.00 Glycerol 5.00 NaCl 7.00 Dyes/perfume q.s. Preservatives Water ad 100.00

[0162] The constituents of the oil phase are combined, then stirred at 60-70° C. with the likewise combined water phase, and then the mixture is homogenized. Subsequently, the mixture is cooled to room temperature.

EXAMPLE 2

[0163] O/W cream % by wt. Glyceryl stearate 2.40 Cetyl alcohol 2.40 Glyceryl stearate + PEG- 1.20 100 stearate Paraffinum liquidum 15.00  Xanthan gum 0.20 Glycerol 5.00 NaCl 7.00 Diazolidinylurea 0.30 Dyes/perfume/preservatives q.s. Water ad 100.00

[0164] The constituents of the oil phase are combined, then stirred at 60-70° C. with the likewise combined water phase, and then the mixture is homogenized. Subsequently, the mixture is cooled to room temperature.

EXAMPLE 3

[0165] O/W cream % by wt. Cetyl alcohol 2.40 Polyethylene glycol(21) stearyl ether 1.20 Polyethylene glycol(2) stearyl ether 2.40 Paraffinum liquidum 15.00  Xanthan gum 0.20 Glycerol 5.00 NaCl 7.00 Diazolidinylurea 0.30 Dyes/perfume/preservatives q.s. Water ad 100.00

[0166] The constituents of the oil phase are combined, then stirred at 60-70° C. with the likewise combined water phase, and then the mixture is homogenized. Subsequently, the mixture is cooled to room temperature.

EXAMPLE 4

[0167] O/W cream % by wt. Cetyl alcohol 2.40 Polyethylene glycol(21) stearyl ether 1.20 Polyethylene glycol(2) stearyl ether 2.40 Octyldodecanol 0.10 PPG-14 butyl ether 5.00 Na₂H₂EDTA 5.00 Na₃HEDTA 1.50 NaCl 7.00 Dyes/perfume/preservatives q.s. Water ad 100.0000

[0168] The constituents of the oil phase are combined, then stirred at 60-70° C. with the likewise combined water phase, and then the mixture is homogenized. Subsequently, the mixture is cooled to room temperature. 

1. The use of electrolytes for producing cosmetic or dermatological preparations for the treatment and prevention of dry skin.
 2. The use of electrolytes for producing cosmetic and dermatological preparations for the treatment and prevention of dry skin and for enhancing the barrier function of the skin.
 3. The use as claimed in any of claims 1 and 2 in cosmetic or dermatological preparations corresponding to a content of 0.05-30% by weight, particularly preferably 1-5% by weight, of one or more electrolytes, preferably sodium chloride, based on the total composition of the preparations.
 4. The use as claimed in any of claims 1-3, characterized in that, in cosmetic or dermatological preparations, a content of 0.05-30% by weight, preferably 0.1-20% by weight, particularly preferably 1-15% by weight, of glycerol is present, based on the total composition of the preparations. 